Summary
SARS-CoV-2 detections are increasing in Austria, while they are partially decreasing in Europe. Cases of influenza and RSV have so far only been registered sporadically.
A multinational outbreak in Europe caused by the rare salmonella serovar Strathcona was cleared up with the decisive involvement of AGES; the source was small tomatoes from Italy.
In contrast to the record year of 2024, only three infections in animals with West Nile virus were documented in Austria this year. There were many human cases and fatalities in Italy.
In Europe, 34 locally acquired dengue and 1,053 locally acquired chikungunya cases have already been reported this year. Only imported cases have been registered in Austria.
The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo is most likely under control. A total of 64 cases have been reported and 43 people have died.
In the topic of the month , the new models for calculating excess mortality from influenza and Sars-CoV-2 are presented in detail.
The news: In France, a man died of rabies, it is not clear how he became infected. The Maldives achieve success in the fight against HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B. The WHO lifted the international health emergency declared in 2024 due to Mpox.
The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater has been rising in all federal states since the beginning of August. In the sentinel system, the proportion of samples testing positive for the coronavirus has been around 20% since the end of August, the highest level since October 2024. The increase is also reflected in hospital admissions for severe acute respiratory infections, albeit at a low level. In the week of 15 September 2025, 161 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to normal wards, twice as many as four weeks earlier.
In the European Union and the European Economic Area (EU/EEA ), SARS-CoV-2 circulation is elevated, but in some countries it is already decreasing again. The impact on hospital admissions has so far been limited.
The COVID-19 vaccination is available free of charge in Austria and is recommended for anyone aged 12 and over who wants to reduce the risk of a potentially severe course of the disease. More information on the vaccination and the indications can be found in the Austrian Vaccination Plan 2025/2026.
Coronavirus - AGES
erviss.org
Wastewater monitoring
SARI dashboard
Influenza
From calendar week 40, surveillance of acute respiratory diseases, including influenza, will be intensified in Austria. The current data will be published on the Diagnostic Influenza Network Austria (DINÖ) homepage. The first sporadic cases of influenza A have been detected in the medical practices selected for surveillance (sentinel). This is relatively early, but not unusual. The viruses correspond to those contained in the influenza vaccine. Hospital admissions with influenza have also only been recorded sporadically so far.
The annual flu vaccination is a preventative measure against serious illness. The flu vaccination is recommended and is available free of charge in the public vaccination programme. The vaccination is particularly important for people with health risks for a severe course of the disease and their contact persons/household contacts, as well as for people who have an increased risk of infection due to their living conditions or occupation. Details can be found at www.impfen.gv.at/influenza and in the current 2025/2026 vaccination plan.
In www.ages.at/ages/presse/podcast/detail/folge-003-in fluenza-co-wie-surfe-ich-sicher-durch-die-grippe-welleFolge003 - Influenza & Co: How do I surf safely through the flu wave? of the AGES podcast "Courage to take risks", infection epidemiologist Fiona Költringer explains what the flu is all about and how you can best protect yourself against it.
RSV
No evidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was recorded in the sentinel surveillance system at the start of the season. There have only been a few hospital admissions with RSV infections so far. Last year, the RSV season started in December and peaked in January and February 2025.
Children under the age of five and people over the age of 65 are at particularly high risk of contracting a severe RSV infection. Vaccination is therefore recommended for older people from the age of 60. For newborns, infants and young children, monoclonal antibodies are available - and recommended - for passive immunisation in the free children's vaccination programme. A vaccination for pregnant women is also approved for passive immunisation of children. Further information on the vaccinations is available at Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) - Vaccination Service Vienna and in the current 2025/2026 vaccination schedule .
A recent Cochrane review shows that RSV vaccination is safe and effective in protecting vulnerable groups at highest risk of severe disease - older adults and young children.
Salmonella
A multinational outbreak in Europe caused by the rare salmonella serovar Strathcona was traced back to the consumption of small (cherry) tomatoes. The outbreak was clarified through intensive international cooperation coordinated by AGES, the Robert Koch Institute and the Danish Statens Serum Institut.
The epidemiological and microbiological investigations indicate that the outbreaks have been recurring annually since 2011 and originate from a common source. Both the Danish health authorities' investigations in 2011 and investigations in 2023 suggest that the tomatoes were imported from Sicily.
A total of 643 Salmonella Strathcona cases from 17 European countries are attributed to this outbreak, which occurred between 2011 and 2024. With 71 cases (12%), Austria accounts for the third largest number of cases, after Germany and Denmark. The majority of those affected are adults, 55% of whom are female, with a median age of 34. It can be assumed that the actual number of cases is significantly higher. Salmonella Strathcona infections, which are presumably attributable to the same source, have occurred again this year; 44 cases in Austria so far.
The outbreak is described in a recent study in Eurosurveillance. The authors conclude that investigations at the site of contamination are necessary to discover how the microbiological contamination of tomatoes occurs in order to prevent it.
Last year, Austria had a record West Nile virus (WNV) year with a total of 37 reported human cases and 61 detected outbreaks in the veterinary sector. In addition, the virus was detected in three infected mosquitoes in 2024.
This season, only three cases have been reported in animals in Austria, the only human case was imported. The number of mosquitoes is significantly lower than in the previous year; AGES tests mosquitoes for West Nile virus and all samples taken so far have been negative (as of 13 October 2025). The WNV situation in Austria is being monitored, weekly updates can be found at West Nile Virus - AGES. More information on WNV cases in animals can be found in the monthly animal disease radar.
The situation is completely different in Italy this year: as of 8 October 2020, 714 autochthonous WNV infections have been reported there and 48 people have died. The regions of Lazio and Campania are particularly affected. In all other regions and in most other European countries, the infection figures are in line with the long-term average.
Weekly updates: 2025 West Nile virus transmission season
Communicable disease threats report, 4 -11 October 2025, week 41
West Nile Virus - AGES
Austria-wide monitoring for the detection of alien mosquito species - AGES
In Europe, 1,053 autochthonous chikungunya cases have been reported so far. France has the largest share with 700 cases and 74 clusters (48 of which are active), followed by Italy with 353 cases and five clusters.(ECDC, as of 8 October 2025) The outbreaks in France are largely linked to an epidemic on La Réunion.
The number of autochthonous dengue fever cases in France has also risen and now stands at 28, while the situation in Italy (4 cases) and Portugal (2 cases) has remained unchanged since the beginning of September(ECDC, as of 8 October 2025).
With 3,814,835 suspected cases,Brazil is once again heavily affected by dengue this year. Brazil is relying on two strategies to contain the disease - the release of mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia and the local development of a vaccine. The vaccine only requires one dose and should be effective against all four dengue serotypes. Authorisation is still pending. Both measures are to be used on a large scale from 2026.
In the AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases from 17 July 2025, we took a detailed look at the chikungunya virus.
You can find more information on Mosquitoes & diseases - AGES
The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) described in the last Radar is showing the first signs of containment. No new confirmed or probable cases have been reported in the affected region of Kasai province since 26 September.
A total of 64 cases have been reported since the Ebola outbreak was confirmed on 4 September, 43 people have died, including one newborn. Among those affected are five health workers, three of whom have died.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the chain of transmission can be traced back to a pregnant woman who was admitted to hospital with severe symptoms on 20 August and died on 25 August.
The last known case of the disease was on 23 September. By 9 October, 17 patients had recovered. Four people are still receiving inpatient treatment. 20,190 people have been vaccinated. (ECDC, as of 05.10.2025)
Communicable disease threats report, 4 -11 October 2025, week 41
Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo
WHO: Ebola situation report DRC/25/04 - 05 October, 2025 | WHO | Regional Office for Africa
Institute for Surveillance & Infection Epidemiology
Department of Data Science & Modelling
Recording mortality from respiratory viruses is an epidemiological challenge. In the cause of death statistics, influenza and COVID-19 are rarely mentioned as a cause of death, even if they have been confirmed by laboratory diagnostics during the course of the disease. In order to assess the impact of these pathogens on mortality, a model-based estimate of excess mortality is required.
A model for estimating influenza-associated excess mortality has been used in Austria since the 2015/2016 influenza season. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 from 2020 and its simultaneous circulation with seasonal influenza, which has a similar clinical picture, an extension of this model became necessary. The aim was to avoid an overestimation of influenza-related mortality and to record the excess mortality caused by COVID-19 in a differentiated manner.
The new model became particularly relevant after the end of the COVID-19 reporting obligation on 30 June 2023. In contrast to established respiratory pathogens, with an emerging pandemic pathogen such as SARS-CoV-2, it can be assumed that special attention was paid in the early phase to recording deaths as completely and correctly as possible. In Austria, testing was also particularly intensive, which enabled a high level of diagnostic coverage and thus a more precise classification of deaths. With the abolition of mandatory reporting and the decline in public interest, COVID-19 has increasingly joined the ranks of established respiratory pathogens, which makes an increasing underreporting of deaths likely. In order to continue to epidemiologically assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 circulation on mortality, the model has been adapted and now relies more heavily on surveillance data from other sources: wastewater monitoring and electronic health data on hospital admissions with severe acute respiratory infections(SARI).
The model and its principles
A negative-binomial regression model with a linear trend is used to estimate excess mortality caused by respiratory pathogens. The weekly total mortality is broken down into three additive components:
- Deaths due to specific pathogens (influenza, SARS-CoV-2)
- Deaths due to extreme temperatures (heat/cold periods)
- Basic mortality (non-infectious causes with seasonal fluctuations)
The model is estimated on the basis of mortality data from the past five years. This creates a robust reference for expected mortality that takes into account both seasonal patterns and longer-term trends.
In order to adequately reflect changes in the severity of different pathogen variants, pathogen indicators are considered separately for each season in the model. This enables a differentiated assessment of excess mortality depending on the circulation period and variant.
In special epidemiological situations - such as the COVID-19 pandemic - phase-based indicators can also be used. These make it possible to map changes in viral load, virus variants, behaviour, medical knowledge and regulatory measures over time. The combination of seasonal and phase-based modelling enables a realistic depiction of complex dynamics.
As deaths due to an infection typically occur with a delay to the infection, the model takes into account time-delayed effects for both pathogen circulation and extreme temperatures. As a result, the time lag between exposure and mortality is realistically modelled.
Extreme weather
Weeks with exceptional weather conditions are taken into account as an indicator for temperature-related excess mortality. A week is considered a cold winter week (calendar week (CW) 50 to CW 6 of the following year) if the average temperature in Austria is below 0 °C, and a warm summer week (CW 24 to CW 34) if it is above 22 °C. These threshold values are used to identify potentially stressful weather periods that can influence mortality independently of infections.
The estimation of deaths attributable to a specific pathogen is based on conditional modelling, in which the influence of other simultaneously circulating pathogens and extreme temperatures is mathematically eliminated. This is done by specifically setting the corresponding co-variants in the model matrix to zero. This conditional modelling allows the effect of a single pathogen to be considered in isolation. The resulting excess mortality is interpreted as a deviation from the base model without pathogen and temperature effects.
Indicators replace reported data
Since direct information on infection rates in the population is not available for influenza and SARS CoV-2, an indicator-based approach is chosen. Data from various surveillance systems are used. It is assumed that the selected indicator within a season is proportional to the number of infected persons.
For each season, the indicator that maximises the quality of the model is selected from the available pathogen indicators. In addition, a time lag of three weeks was taken into account for all indicators based on statistical tests.
Strengths and weaknesses
The model-based estimation of excess mortality caused by respiratory pathogens provides an important basis for the epidemiological surveillance and assessment of seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the methodology has some limitations, particularly with regard to the quality and availability of the indicators used. A central element of the model is the recording of pathogen circulation via surveillance data such as Covid-19 case reports, influenza positive rates or SARI hospital admissions. These indicators are subject to uncertainty: they do not necessarily reflect the actual burden of infection in the population as a whole and may be influenced by changes in testing behaviour, reporting practices or data availability.
In addition, the model currently primarily considers influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Other respiratory pathogens such as RSV, which causes a relevant disease burden particularly in young children and older people, have not yet been explicitly modelled.
The assumption of temporally stable seasonal correlations between pathogen indicators and mortality is also a simplification. Changes in health behaviour, medical care capacities or vaccination status can influence mortality and can only be depicted indirectly in the model.
Despite these limitations, the model is a robust instrument for the continuous monitoring of mortality, which can be continuously developed further - for example by integrating additional pathogens or improved data sources. In particular, the improvement and expansion of the surveillance systems for respiratory pathogens represents an important step, not only for the better epidemiological assessment of acute respiratory viral diseases, but also to increase the accuracy of the model.
Two indicators are currently available for influenza (Figure 1):
- Influenza Goldstein indicator from data from the ILI sentinel surveillance system (influenza-like-illness) and the positivity rate of the virological sentinel system DINÖ (Diagnostic Influenza Network Austria)
- Electronic health data on hospital admissions with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI, ICD-10 code J10) (since 2023/2024)
Three indicators are currently available for SARS-CoV-2:
- Case reports from the Epidemiological Reporting System (EMS) (until June 2023
- Electronic health data on hospital admissions with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI, ICD-10 code J07.1) (since 2023/2024)
- National SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring (since 2023)
During the COVID-19 pandemic, only the reported SARS-CoV-2 infections per 100,000 inhabitants (incidence) were available as an indicator of pathogen circulation. In order to map differences in lethality between virus variants, the total incidence was divided into the dominant variants (wild type, alpha, delta, omicron) based on the variant surveillance data. The transition periods between the variants were defined on the basis of PCR and sequencing data. In addition, a phase-based classification (early phase, pandemic phase and endemic phase) was used for the pandemic years 2020 to 2023 instead of a seasonal classification. This structure takes into account changes in testing behaviour, medical knowledge, the supply situation and regulatory measures over the course of the pandemic.
In the 2024/2025 season, the SARI indicator was used to estimate COVID-19-related excess mortality, while the Goldstein indicator was selected for influenza.
While the season for influenza is defined as calendar week 40 to calendar week 20 of the following year, the period from calendar week 21 to calendar week 20 of the following year is shown for COVID-19, the epidemic occurrence of which does not yet follow a specific seasonal pattern. This enables potential seasonal patterns to be recorded throughout the year and a differentiated assessment of the excess mortality caused by COVID-19.
For the 2024/2025 season, the estimated influenza-associated deaths amount to 3,570 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3,452-3,688), while 1,849 deaths (95% CI: 1,764-1,935) were modelled for SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1). The complete model is visualised in Figure 4.
Table 1: Estimated number of deaths associated with influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections, including 95% confidence interval (CI), Austria.
| Pathogen | KW | Estimated pathogen-associated deaths (95 % CI) |
| Influenza | KW 40, 2024-KW 20,2025 | 3.570 (3.452; 3.688) |
| SARS-CoV-2 | CW 40, 2024-CW 20,2025 | 1.849 (1.764; 1.935) |
France has reported a confirmed case of human rabies in the Occitanie region in the south of the country. An adult male was hospitalised on 18 September with suspicious symptoms and was diagnosed on 24 September by the national reference centre. The patient died on 25 September.
Epidemiological investigations found no recent travel history outside France, in February 2024 contact with cats in a rabies-endemic country. The source of infection is still unknown, investigations are ongoing. Sequencing identified the classical rabies virus.
The incubation period for rabies is usually two to three months, rarely between one week and over two years. According to the ECDC, the risk of rabies in mainland France is very low. Human-to-human transmission has only been documented in the context of organ transplants. Contact with bats poses a potential risk. Cases of bat rabies occasionally occur in European countries, including France.
Communicable disease threats report, 4 -11 October 2025, week 41
On 3 and 4 November 2025, representatives from politics and science will be invited to AGES to discuss One Health topics under the motto "Building Bridges". In addition to Health Minister Korinna Schumann, speakers include Jakob Zinsstag and Florian Krammer. The managing directors of GÖG, Umweltbundesamt and Geosphere Austria as well as the rectors of the University of Vienna, VetMedUni Vienna and BOKU will take part in the panel discussion. The workshops will offer the specialist audience the opportunity for interaction and further training.
Registrations are possible at: One Health: Building Bridges | 2025-11-03 - 2025-11-04
Following validation by the WHO, the Maldives has also eliminated mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B after HIV and syphilis, making it the first country in the world to achieve "triple elimination". This success was made possible by universal healthcare, the widespread use of screening and a strong vaccination programme: over 95% of pregnant women receive prenatal care with almost universal testing for infections caused by these three pathogens and infants are fully vaccinated against hepatitis B, starting with a first dose immediately after birth. As a result of these measures, no children were born with HIV or syphilis in 2022 and 2023. A national survey in 2023 revealed no cases of hepatitis B among 6- to 7-year-old schoolchildren.
Mother-to-child transmission leads to millions of often serious infections worldwide. In the WHO South-East Asia region alone, it is estimated that more than 23,000 pregnant women had syphilis in 2024 and over 8,000 babies were born with congenital syphilis. About 25,000 HIV-positive pregnant women needed treatment to prevent transmission to their babies, while over 42 million people in the region continue to be affected by hepatitis B infection.
The WHOlifted theinternational health emergency for Mpox on 5 September 2025. The decision was based on the significant decline in cases and deaths in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, Sierra Leone and Uganda. Nevertheless, according to the African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Mpox remains a continental emergency.
Africa has recorded 38,892 confirmed cases this year, of which 20,473 are in the DRC (as of 05.10.2025). Due to limited diagnostic capacity, a significant number of suspected cases remain untested.
The WHO is extending the recommendations and emergency approvals for Mpox vaccines and diagnostics until August 2026.
The AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases is published monthly. The aim is to provide the Austrian health services and the interested public with a quick overview of current infectious diseases in Austria and the world. The diseases are briefly described, the current situation is described and, where appropriate and possible, the risk is assessed. Links lead to more detailed information. The "Topic of the month" takes a closer look at one aspect of infectious diseases.
How is the AGES radar for infectious diseases compiled?
Who: The radar is a co-operation between the AGES divisions "Public Health", Knowledge Management and Risk Communication.
What: Outbreaks and situation assessments of infectious diseases:
- National: Based on data from the Epidemiological Reporting System (EMS), outbreak investigation and regular reports from AGES and the reference laboratories
- International: Based on structured research
- Topic of the week (annual planning)
- Reports on scientific publications and events
Further sources:
Acute infectious respiratory diseases occur more frequently in the cold season, including COVID-19, influenza and RSV. These diseases are monitored via various systems, such as the Diagnostic Influenza Network Austria (DINÖ), the ILI (Influenza-like-Illness) sentinel system and the Austrian RSV Network (ÖRSN). The situation in hospitals is recorded via the SARI (Severe Acute Respiratory Illness) dashboard.
For the international reports, health organisations (WHO, ECDC, CDC, ...) specialist media, international press, newsletters and social media are monitored on a route-by-route basis.
For infectious diseases in Austria, the situation is assessed by AGES experts, as well as for international outbreaks for which no WHO or ECDC assessment is available.
Disclaimer: The topics are selected according to editorial criteria, there is no claim to completeness.
Suggestions and questions to:wima@ages.at
As the response to enquiries is also coordinated between all parties involved (knowledge management, INFE, risk communication), please be patient. A reply will be sent within one week.
Case numbers of notifiable diseases according to the Epidemics Act, the figures are shown for the previous month and, in each case for the period from the beginning of the year to the end of the previous month, the figures for the current year, for the previous year, as well as the median of the last 5 years for comparison (Epidemiological Reporting System, as of 15/10/2025).
| Pathogens | 2025 | 2024 | 2020-2024 (median) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep | Jan-Sep | Jan-Sep | Jan-Sep | |
| Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) | 1 | 8 | 12 | 7 |
| Botulism b | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Brucellosis | 1 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
| Campylobacteriosis b | 696 | 5376 | 5293 | 4893 |
| Chikungunya fever | 0 | 12 | 11 | 3 |
| Cholera | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Clostridioides difficile infection, severe course | 36 | 545 | 596 | 434 |
| Dengue fever | 11 | 119 | 178 | 38 |
| Diphtheria | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Ebola fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Echinococcosis due to fox tapeworm | 0 | 13 | 20 | 15 |
| Echinococcosis caused by dog tapeworm | 2 | 16 | 19 | 22 |
| Spotted fever (rickettsiosis caused by R. prowazekii) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) | 15 | 126 | 141 | 141 |
| Yellow fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Haemophilus influenzae, invasive a | 5 | 81 | 73 | 45 |
| Hantavirus disease | 3 | 26 | 16 | 22 |
| Hepatitis A | 19 | 204 | 51 | 34 |
| Hepatitis B | 89 | 715 | 805 | 753 |
| Hepatitis C | 81 | 759 | 844 | 699 |
| Hepatitis D | 1 | 4 | 9 | 6 |
| Hepatitis E | 3 | 42 | 40 | 41 |
| Whooping cough (pertussis) | 101 | 1.606 | 12.656 | 604 |
| Polio (poliomyelitis) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lassa fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Legionnaires' disease (legionellosis) d | 50 | 337 | 284 | 242 |
| Leprosy | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Leptospirosis | 1 | 10 | 29 | 13 |
| Listeriosis b | 2 | 27 | 32 | 30 |
| Malaria | 10 | 58 | 66 | 55 |
| Marburg fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Measles | 4 | 149 | 505 | 25 |
| Meningococcus, invasive c | 1 | 27 | 13 | 8 |
| Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Anthrax | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mpox e | 1 | 16 | 14 | 14 |
| Norovirus gastroenteritis b | 111 | 2748 | 2787 | 1522 |
| Paratyphoid fever | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Plague | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pneumococcus, invasive c | 23 | 722 | 584 | 309 |
| Smallpox | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Psittacosis | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Rotavirus gastroenteritis b | 58 | 969 | 698 | 473 |
| Glanders (Malleus) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rubella | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Relapsing fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| STEC | 133 | 771 | 629 | 368 |
| Salmonellosis b | 224 | 1193 | 1099 | 909 |
| Scarlet fever | 3 | 199 | 514 | 2 |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Shigellosis b | 48 | 240 | 196 | 66 |
| Other viral meningoencephalitis | 11 | 142 | 130 | 102 |
| Rabies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trachoma (grain disease) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trichinellosis | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5 |
| Tuberculosis | 38 | 296 | 319 | 305 |
| Tularemia | 6 | 45 | 83 | 28 |
| Typhoid fever | 0 | 4 | 11 | 3 |
| Bird flu (avian influenza) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| West Nile virus disease | 0 | 1 | 36 | 3 |
| Yersiniosis b | 9 | 63 | 77 | 87 |
| Zika virus disease | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
a The diseases are assessed according to the case definition. Diseases for which a case definition exists are shown, with the exception of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. As a rule, confirmed and probable cases are counted. Subsequent notifications or entries may result in changes.
b Bacterial and viral food poisoning, in accordance with the Epidemics Act.
c Invasive bacterial disease, in accordance with the Epidemics Act.
d Includes only cases with pneumonia.
e Mpox has been notifiable since 2022; the median is only calculated for the years in which notification is mandatory.
Last updated: 16.10.2025
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